WRT 105 course, “Feeling Good: Empathy and Ethics” mainly focused on many aspects of how empathy affected society and the way of living for human beings. One of the occasions were discussing empathy that was portrayed in the movie, “To Kill a Mockingbird.” In the movie, the main character’s daughter Scout shows empathy of a child and how adults have affected her throughout the time her lifetime. The novel-based film also described how child abuse affected the lack of empathy in Mayella Ewell, someone who claimed victimization from a black male and how that male, as a person from a background solely depended upon others’ segregation and discrimination, but a decently loving family could empathize with another person (Mayella). The man, Robinson, and Mayella both went through mentally challenging experiences, but one could empathize “better” than the other. The film also portrayed how ethics of different time periods and regions could affect decisions of the people no matter what the truth was presented.
A topic that could be generally derived from the film’s idea of empathy, in particular, is related to what every character has in common: trauma and complexes from their surroundings and home environments. Considering the fact that most human beings go through an event that creates a complex in their brains, or in critical situations, trauma, a curiosity in how they respond to their surroundings differs in individuals in a population- based on how they were raised or their cultures/ traditions: Why does childhood trauma lead to social and emotional effect in how they treat others, as adults?
From what is observed from daily lives of people, it seems that people who have gone through traumatic experiences cope with hardship in two different ways. In theory, one group of people take a positive route and uses empathy to help others in need as a part of their coping mechanism while the other group focuses on the negative side, which leads them to isolate themselves from society or leads them to believe that others deserve to go through the same things they go through as well, which is also the use of empathy. Through research, definite neurobiological reasons of why humans react a certain way to childhood trauma such as child abuse or disaster will be found to support the argument that humans act a certain way because of different chemical products that can affect the frontal lobes of the brain, which is responsible for decision making and emotion generation.

Possible Resources::

Aprawong, T. Em, Meeske, Kathleen A., Milam, Joel E., Oland, Alyssa, and Ruccione, Kathleen. “Post-Traumatic Growth Among An Ethnically Diverse Sample of Adolescent and Young Adult Cancer Survivors.” Psycho-Oncology, vol.22, Issue 10, Oct. 2013, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pon.3286/abstract. Accessed 8 Nov. 2017.

Blue, Laura. “Childhood Trauma Leaves Legacy of Brain Changes.” Time, 16 Jan. 2013, http://healthland.time.com/2013/01/16/childhood-trauma-leaves-legacy-of-brain-changes/. Accessed 8 Nov. 2017.

Brock, D., Cassell, W A., Dubey, B L, Maureen, C., and Tyrone, C. “SIS Symbols of PTSD and the Need for Empathy in Therapy.” Psychology and Mental Health, vol. , Issue 1, Jan. 2015, https://search.proquest.com/docview/1677218250?pq-origsite=summon. Accessed 8 Nov. 2017.

Dziobek, Isabel, Heekeren, Hauke R., Preibler, Sandra, and Roepke, Stefan. “Social Cognition in Borderline Personality Disorder” Frontiers in Neuroscience, 195, 4 Jan. 2014, www.socwork.net/sws/article/view/60/362. Accessed 8 Nov. 2017.

Klein, Ehud, Palgi, Sharon, and Sharmay-Tsoory, Simone. “The Role of Oxytocin in Empathy in PTSD.” Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, vol. 9, Issue 1, Jan. 2017, https://search.proquest.com/docview/1792775903?pq-origsite=summon&accountid=13567. Accessed 8 Nov. 2017.

Knox, Jean. “’Feeling for’ and ‘Feeling With’: Developmental and Neuroscientific Perspectives on Intersubjectivity and Empathy.” PubMed MEDLINE, vol. 58, Issue 4, Sep. 2013, http://rochester.summon.serialssolutions.com/search?s.q=Neuroscience+trauma&submit=+&spellcheck=true&keep_r=true#!/search/document?ho=t&fvf=IsScholarly,true,f&l=en&q=Neuroscience%20trauma%20empathy&id=FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c1579-49d0846c6071ef67f8bea499e55ab9f56099b6361c96dfec32f1bfa839d273952. Accessed 8 Nov. 2017.

LeDoux, Joseph, and Yehuda, Rachel. “Response Variation Following Trauma: A Translational Neuroscience Approach to Understanding PTSD.” Neuron Cell Press, vol. 56, Issue 1, Oct. 2007, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896627307007040. Accessed 8 Nov. 2017.

Smith, Adam Jeremy. “What is the Relationship Between Stress and Empathy?.” Greater Good Magazine, 13 Aug. 2015, https://greatergood.berkeley.edu/article/item/what_is_the_relationship_between_stress_and_empathy. Accessed 8 Nov. 2017.

Szalavitz, Maia. “How Disasters and Trauma Can Affect Children’s Empathy.” Time, 22 Jan. 2013, http://healthland.time.com/2013/01/22/how-disasters-and-trauma-can-affect-childrens-empathy/. Accessed 8 Nov. 2017.

The United States government was originally created as a “government of the people, for the people, by the people” as stated by Abraham Lincoln in the Gettysburg Address, meaning that legislation was to be created and government was to be run in order to benefit American citizens. With the creation of a bipartisan political system, some citizens have begun to feel that over time, certain parties do not represent and benefit them. Increased polarization and support for one party over another has resulted, leaving politicians under the increased pressure to follow party lines, even if what they believe does not completely match up. Empathy must play a role in helping politicians as well as voters determine what issues they feel need to be addressed. When each side empathizes for different groups of people and emphasizes different problems, increased polarization comes about. As a result, I have the following questions I intended to answer: When looking at this increasingly polarized political atmosphere in the United States, what are the conditions that cause opposing parties to empathize with certain groups but not others? What are the underlying causes that prevent each party from understanding and empathizing with the other’s point of view? Can it be determined when empathy become more important that party alignment, and if so, when? How does empathy when applied to the political scene differ between these extremely polarized politicians and generally more moderate voters?

MLA Works Cited

Caprara, Gian Vittorio, et al. “Personality Profiles and Political Parties.” Political Psychology, vol. 20, no. 1, 1999, pp. 175–197.

Chopik, William J., Konrath, Sara H. Political Orientation Moderates Worldview Defense in Response to Osama Bin Laden’s Death. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, vol. 22, no. 4, Nov. 2016, pp. 396-400.

Debrosse, R., Cooper, M. E., Taylor, D. M., de, l. S., & Crush, J. “Fundamental rights in the Rainbow Nation: Intergroup Contact, Threat, and Support for Newcomers’ Rights in Post-Apartheid South Africa.” Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, vol. 22, no. 4, Nov. 2016, pp. 367-379.

Lalami, Laila. “The GOP Empathy Gap.” Nation, vol. 303, no. 18, 31 Oct. 2016, pp. 12-13.

May, R. J. “Class, Ethnicity, Regionalism and Political Parties.” State and Society in Papua New Guinea: The First Twenty-Five Years, ANU Press, 2004, pp. 127–146.

Additional Works Cited

Lincoln, Abraham. “The Gettysburg Address.” 19 Nov. 1863.

Empathy – Inherent or Constructed?

As this class revolves around the role of empathy in every aspects of one’s daily life, it raises the question of why people’s level of empathy are drastically different. Thus, the question raised is whether empathy is inherent or constructed, and if constructed, how does empathy develop? These differences of empathy are the main reasons to some of the conflicts occurring throughout the world this very minute. This topic piques my interest, for I see these different levels of being able to empathize within my friend groups, so I wish to understand the nuances behind the factors that facilitate the development of empathy whether in terms of biological or environmental processes. Furthermore, this knowledge in itself will make people more aware of why some people are less empathetic than others.

Works CIted

1. Ainsworth, M. S., M. C. Blehar, E. Waters, and S. Wall. 1978. Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum.
2. McDonald, Nicole M., and Daniel N. Messinger. “The Development of Empathy: How, When, and Why?” www.psy.miami.edu/faculty/dmessinger/c_c/rsrcs/rdgs/emot/McDonald-Messinger_Empathy%20Development.pdf.
3. Robinson, J. L., C. Zahn-Waxler, and R. N. Emde. 1994. “Patterns of development in early empathic behavior: Environmental and child constitutional influences.” Social
   Development.
4. Zahn-Waxler, C., M. Radke-Yarrow, E. Wagner, and M. Chapman. 1992a. “Development of concern for others.” Developmental Psychology.
5. Zhou, Q., N. Eisenberg, S. H. Losoya, R. A. Fabes, M. Reiser, I. K. Guthrie, B. C. Murphy, A. J.Cumberland, and S. A. Shepard. 2002. “The relations of parental warmth and positive expressiveness to children’s empathy related responding and social functioning: A longitudinal study.” Child Development.

Empathy has been playing a large role in the workplace because employees all want to be understood and treated equally when they are in need. One of the things that have caught my attention is that men and women don’t receive the same empathy for parental leave. It is clear that in the US, paternity leave does not usually get paid as it is for the maternity leave because most people think men do not have to take care of the baby. However, some people have argued that men can help the mom relieve stress and also build the relationship with baby. So male should receive the same empathy as the female does.

In different countries, people have different rules on parental leave. But overall, the number of the women taking maternity leave exceeds men having paternity leave. This raises the question that does employers have more empathy towards to women than men. For my research, I would like to find out if gender role influences the empathy in the workplace. I think it would help us to find out if there is a gender discrimination in the workplace so that we can improve in the future.

Possible Sources:

Zagorsky, Jay L., PhD. “Divergent Trends in US Maternity and Paternity Leave, 1994-2015.” American Journal of Public Health 107.3 (2017): 460-5. ProQuest. Web. 8 Nov. 2017.

Motaung, Lucky L., et al. “Directory of Open Access Journals.” South African Journal of Human Resource Management, AOSIS, 1 Jan. 2017.

Harries, R. L., et al. “A cross sectional study of pregnancy and maternity and paternity leave among surgical trainees in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland.” International Journal of Surgery 36 (2016): S105.

Rehel, Erin M. “When dad stays home too: Paternity leave, gender, and parenting.” Gender & Society 28.1 (2014): 110-132.

Tremblay, Diane-Gabrielle, and Émilie Genin. “Parental leave: from perception to first-hand experience.” International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 30.9/10 (2010): 532-544.

Our worldviews are shaped, whether for better or for worse, by our parents and our childhoods. After all, we spend the majority of our developing years with our parents, guardians, or other adult figures in our lives. We pick up on their customs, their ways of life, their personalities, their habits, good or bad. No matter what the circumstances of our childhoods were, we carry the history with ourselves through our own lives: disappointments, joys, accomplishments, sorrows alike. In a society where teenage depression is becoming more and more of a prevalent issue, parental empathy’s role in depression prevention is a question that begs to be asked. My research topic focuses on these memories and events which play such a heavy impact upon developing our personalities; it delves into parental figures and their empathy with their children. The art of parenting has been a struggle many have dealt with, and there is no easy answer. How do you find the one key to parenting when each child is so different? How much effort should one put in? How much of a friend should you be, compared to how much of a teaching role? My research question would be how ranges of empathetic parents affect their children in the future in terms of mental health, and the relationships they nurture between parental figures and their children.

Links to Use

http://tq7xh3ee6l.search.serialssolutions.com/find?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Children%27s+Perception+of+Parental+Empathy+as+a+Precursor+of+Children%27s+Empathy+in+Middle+and+Late+Childhood&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Psychology&rft.au=Richaud+de+Minzi%2C+Mar%C3%ADa+Cristina&rft.date=2013-11-01&rft.issn=0022-3980&rft.eissn=1940-1019&rft.volume=147&rft.issue=6&rft.spage=563&rft.epage=576&rft_id=info:doi/10.1080%2F00223980.2012.721811&rft.externalDBID=n%2Fa&rft.externalDocID=10_1080_00223980_2012_721811&paramdict=en-US

http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14616734.2014.969749

http://tq7xh3ee6l.search.serialssolutions.com/find?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=proceeding&rft.title=INTERNATIONAL+JOURNAL+OF+PSYCHOLOGY&rft.atitle=Adolescents%27+empathy%2C+parental+expectation+and+flow+in+prosocial+behavior&rft.au=Mesurado%2C+B&rft.date=2012-01-01&rft.pub=PSYCHOLOGY+PRESS&rft.issn=0020-7594&rft.eissn=1464-066X&rft.volume=47&rft.spage=275&rft.epage=275&rft.externalDBID=n%2Fa&rft.externalDocID=000307377703213&paramdict=en-US

http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/2167702615595001

To this day, scholars have been examining the “nag factor,” which is a child’s natural propensity to repeatedly request items due to familiarity with the specific object. Although many have come to conclusions on why the nag factor can be detrimental, companies continue to take advantage of the impact nagging has on business profits. Therefore, companies find it effective to design products and advertise towards children in order to convince parents support the business by b=spending money to stop the constant nagging.

More specifically, over “17 billion dollars” (CCFC) have gone into child advertising because they are the most profitable audience. Child advertising is beneficial on a corporate scale, yet there are several arguments on whether advertising to children is ethical. The ethics behind this issue are controversial; however, the focus of this paper is to elaborate on the reasons why children are drawn into certain images over others and how businesses formulate products to obtain attention from children.  

Based on the empathic topics discussed in the course, it is intriguing to research how  the development of empathy occurs in children and how this affects what they find appealing in advertisements. The scholar, Martin Hoffman, elaborates on this topic in several of his works. Based on his theory, empathic development occurs in stages. As the child develops, he or she begins to experience feelings like distress and begins to recognize the difference of feelings  between themselves and their counterpart. It is clear that children can feel, but there isn’t a firm understanding on whether or not children are aware of their own emotions while in contact with certain images places in advertisements.

This topic is relevant because children are often categorized as innocent or oblivious, but children are very intelligent. What makes them unique, is the way the express their emotions without consciously knowing how they feel. Another inquiry that arises from this topic is how these companies know what images to utilize in order to evoke certain emotions.  

Works Cited:

Campaign for a Commercial- Free Childhood. “Marketing to Children Overview.” (2017.)

“The Development of Empathy: Hoffman’s Theory.” Unpopular Vegan Essays Archives. October 2007

Hoffman, Martin L. “Philosophical and Psychological Perspectives: Empathy, Justice, and the Law.” Oxford University Press. (2011).

John Hopkins Medical School. “The Nag Factor: How do Children Convince their Parents to Buy Unhealthy Foods” Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. (2011).

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Throughout this class the topic of empathy has been examined quite thoroughly, however there was no insight into how a lack of empathy may impact a person. The ability to feel empathy in some sort of capacity is relatively common throughout the world. However, there are some people who are unable to empathize with others, these individuals are classified as “psychopaths”. Psychopaths are people who experience a distinct lack of empathy and emotional connection along with other symptoms that cause antisocial behavior. The goals of a psychopath may be drastically different from a “normal” person as a result of their lack of empathy and emotion. Therefore their antisocial behavior will more often than not lead them to violence in order to get what they want (Blair). Many people who suffer from psychopathy have a history of violence and criminal activity as a result of that violent history. Based on current research, many psychopaths are entered into the criminal justice system because of their actions and behavior. This criminal activity may be caused by poor decision making that is another commonly seen symptom of psychopathy (Hosking). Lack of empathy in these individuals who exhibit psychopathy may be contributed to brain activity that is different from the activity in a “normal” person’s brain who has the ability to display empathy for others. Part of this may be because of what are called “mirror neurons” that may help people with regular brain activity exhibit empathy by mirroring others (Fecteau). There are many different brain structures that contribute to the symptoms seen in individuals with psychopathy. These are often referred to as the “paralimbic system” becauses it comprises of brain structures from the limbic and paralimbic regions (Kiehl). A difference in a very specific structure may be a main contributor to the psychopathy. This structure is the amygdala, the part of the brain that is responsible for controlling emotions. Analyzing the different ways the amygdala responds to certain stimuli may reveal more information as to why psychopathic traits arise (Carré). Another possible reason for psychopathic traits is the way an individual was raised. If, as a child, there were cases of abuse or a difficult home life with very little emotion and care shown towards the individual then that makes it difficult for the child to properly develop their emotions and their ability to connect with others (Gao). All of this preliminary research into the topic of psychopaths raises many questions. Each source has a slightly different question at issue but they all relate back to the same topic; the symptoms and traits of psychopathy and what might be causing it. These varying points of focus all lead to a few main questions to try and answer. What are the causes of the lack of empathy in psychopaths? Is there a way to alter the empathy pathways through therapies or medications to allow them to feel empathy? If so, would it be beneficial to the individual and society? By answering these critical questions one can gain a deeper insight to the mind of psychopaths and what causes them to exhibit these traits. Along with that it may provide more directions for research and discovery regarding how to help psychopaths start to exhibit empathy and less violent behavior. If this can be treated it may lead to better lives for the psychopaths and less altercations with the law.

Works Cited

Blair, R.J.R. “The Amygdala and Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex in Morality and Psychopathy.”Trends in Cognitive Sciences, vol. 11, no. 9, Sept. 2007, pp. 387–392., doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2007.07.003.

Carré, Justin M., et al. “The Neural Signatures of Distinct Psychopathic Traits.” Social Neuroscience, U.S. National Library of Medicine, 2013, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4709124/.

Fecteau, Shirley, et al. “Psychopathy and the Mirror Neuron System: Preliminary Findings from a Non-Psychiatric Sample.” Psychiatry Research, Elsevier, 2 July 2008, www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165178107003101?via%3Dihub.

Gao, Yu, et al. “The Neurobiology of Psychopathy: A Neurodevelopmental Perspective .” The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, Sage Journals, 1 Dec. 2009, journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/070674370905401204?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%3Dpubmed&#articleCitationDownloadContainer

Hosking, Jay G, et al. “Disrupted Prefrontal Regulation of Striatal Subjective Value Signals in Psychopathy.” Neuron, Cell Press, 5 July 2017, www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896627317305548?via%3Dihub.

Kiehl, Kent A. “A Cognitive Neuroscience Perspective on Psychopathy: Evidence for Paralimbic System Dysfunction.” Psychiatry Research, U.S. National Library of Medicine, 15 June 2006, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2765815/.

Growing up in a country that capital punishment is legal, it seemed reasonable to me that execution was the proportionate way to perform justice on people who outrageously violated the rules of a society. However, it is always controversial that if death penalty should still exist, and if there should a more humane way of punish those who violate the law so outrageously. This class focus on the topic empathy and ethics in general, going into depth in the topics such as poetic justic and the limits of empathy. When people feel empathy towards someone, they tend to see others’ struggles, and sometimes people would go out of their ways to help those they feel empathy towards. So the question for my research project would be: should people have empathy to those who are on death row? And whether that empathy can lead to a more humane way of punishing the prisoners? My research would focus why scholars support or against death penalty, and the possible alternatives for capital punishment.

Sources:

Bazelon, Emily. “Where the Death Penalty Still Lives.” The New York Times, The New York Times, 23 Aug. 2016.

Breyer, Stephen G., and John D. Bessler. Against the death penalty. Brookings Institution Press, 2016.

Davidson, Mark. “Compassion and the Death Penalty.” Journal of Theoretical & Philosophical Criminology, vol. 7, no. 2, 1-20.

Wanger, Eugene G. Fighting the death penalty: a fifty-Year journey of argument and persuasion. Michigan State University Press, 2017.

Williams, Kenneth. “Why the death penalty is slowly dying.” Southwestern law review (2008), vol. 46, no. 2, pp. 253–274.

For my research project I will be looking into the topic of teachers’ empathy toward students. The question that I specifically will be answering is “How empathetic should teachers be toward students with learning disabilities?”. I choose this topic because I am a student with a learning disability. Learning disabilities come in all shapes and sizes so to speak, from ADHD to dyslexia. And in some cases, like mine, the disability is obviously there, but can not be identified. These students go about their days just like everyone else, but having to deal with there own personal handicap. Some teachers are very accommodating while others refuse to believe the disability even exist. Which goes back to my question of how empathetic should teachers be? Too much and they hinder their teaching and the students learning while too little could cause a student to give up altogether. I hope to answer this with my research project. I feel the relevance my subject has toward this class is that the way my question is, and what the answer should be, the empathy has everything to do with a writing class about Empathy and ethics, writing.

Works Cited

Atherton, Helen, et al. “The Social History of Learning Disability.” ProQuest, RCN Publishing Company Ltd., search.proquest.com/docview/1784798886?pq-origsite=summon.

Bryant, Brenda K. “An Index of Empathy for Children and Adolescents.” Child Development, vol. 53, no. 2, 1982, pp. 413–425. JSTOR, JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/1128984.

Judd, Sandra J. Learning Disabilities Sourcebook: Basic Consumer Health Information about Dyslexia, Dyscalculia, Dysgraphia, Speech and Communication Disorders, Auditory and Visual Processing Disorders, and Other Conditions That Make Learning Difficult, Including Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, down Syndrome and Other Chromosomal Disorders, Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders, Hearing and Visual Impairment, Autism and Other Pervasive Developmental Disorders, and Traumatic Brain Injury; along with Facts about Diagnosing Learning Disabilities, Early Intervention, the Special Education Process, Legal Protections, Assistive Technology, and Accommodations, and Guidelines for Life-Stage Transitions, Suggestions for Coping with Daily Challenges, a Glossary of Related Terms, and a Directory of Additional Resources. Omnigraphics, 2012.

“Kids with Learning Disabilities Require Empathy, Expert Says.” Find Text @ UR, tq7xh3ee6l.search.serialssolutions.com/find?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Kids%2Bwith%2Blearning%2Bdisabilities%2Brequire%2Bempathy%2C%2Bexpert%2Bsays&rft.jtitle=The%2BGuelph%2BMercury&rft.au=JOHANNA%2BWEIDNER&rft.date=2005-05-03&rft.pub=Torstar%2BSyndication%2BServices%2C%2Ba%2BDivision%2Bof%2BToronto%2BStar%2BNewspapers%2BLimited&rft.issn=0841-6834&rft.externalDocID=831442481¶mdict=en-US.

“This Is the 360 Link Sidebar Helper Frame – Use This to Find Other Links to This Content or Links to Additional Library Resources.” Find Text @ UR, tq7xh3ee6l.search.serialssolutions.com/find?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Empathy%2Band%2BTeachers%E2%80%99%2BRoles&rft.jtitle=Procedia%2B-%2BSocial%2Band%2BBehavioral%2BSciences&rft.au=Zlatkovi%C4%87%2C%2BBlagica&rft.date=2012-12-01&rft.issn=1877-0428&rft.eissn=1877-0428&rft.volume=69&rft.spage=960&rft.epage=966&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.sbspro.2012.12.021&rft.externalDBID=n%2Fa&rft.externalDocID=10_1016_j_sbspro_2012_12_021¶mdict=en-US.